Horse Colic

The term gripes refers to pain in the abdomen of horses. It is non a single disease, entirely is the manifestation of a considerable number of diseases all of which produce pain, and about of which ar potentially deadly. Making a specific diagnosing to determine the actual f atomic number 18 of the griping weed be extremely difficult for veterinarians at times. Because of the wad of possible causes, it is of value to examine several excellent recent query reviews which looked closely at the classification of intestinal intestinal colics, and at the causative factors, incidence and deathrate associated with these diseases.The majority of pil upset slips of colic occur cod to un roll in the convertn causes, but ar primarily presumed to be associated with enteral muscle spasm or the collection of abnormal amounts of gas in a portion of the intestine. In world-wide, colic results due to the distension of the bowel by ingesta, fluid, gas, or due to a functional impai rment of the normal intestinal motility. In to a greater extent complete(a) cases, abdominal pain whitethorn be the result of damage to the intestinal wall by reduced blood supply (ischaemia), inflammation, death of wind (infarction) or oedema (swelling and increase fluid).The causes of colic plunder be categorize by well recognised pathological categories, including obstruction, strangulation, enteritis/colitis, peritonitis, as well as by the site involved stomach, small-scale intestine, cecum, bigger colon, small colon, peritoneum, and opposite organs including liver, spleen and kidney Rather than simply listing the types of colic which can occur, it is now of value to look at what we do actually know nearly causes, prevalence and risk factors, as well as strategies to retain colics.Nathaniel White, DVM, of the Marion Dupont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia, reviewed the risk factors in the USA in 2002, in his publication Prevalence, demographics and Risk Factors f or intestinal colic, www. ivis. org, with the following comments and observations Out of 100 horses in the customary population, 4-10 cases of colic ar expected in one year. About 10-15% of the colics ar repeat cases, with close to horses having 2-4 colic episodes yearly. Horses that piddle had a preliminary colic ar three times as likely to waste a second colic compargond to a horse that has never had colic.Most colic signs were simple colic or ileus (no contractions of the gut) with no specific diagnosis entered in 80-85% of cases. In one study, 30% of horses with colic were identified by owners but never seen by vets because the colic was short lived or decide by the owner. Studies of colic cases seen by vets enunciateed a predominance of simple obstruction or spasmodic colic. Impaction colics made up about 10% of cases, and obstruction or strangulating diseases requiring surgery made up from 2-4% of cases.Universities report that simple colic and impact colics atom ic number 18 the most normally describe. When a specific gut location can be identified by veterinarians, the large colon is the most commonly affected, followed by small intestine, caecum and small colon respectively. Diseases which cause strangulation (twisted bowel) have the utmostest fatality rate- with the large colon torsions being more common than small intestine torsions. Colic is responsible for more deaths in horses than any other disease extract old age.In normal farm horse populations, horse deathrate from all types of colic was 0. 7 deaths per 100 horse-years, with a colic case fatality rate of 6. 7%. Risk Factors For Colic In some colic cases the cause may be evident, such(prenominal) as in atom overload, but even in these cases, the exact mechanism which initiates the puzzle is often unknown. By looking at known risk factors we can begin to reduce the incidence by eliminating possible risk factors. in that respect ar internal and external risk factors for colic Breed piece of music no breed is immune to colic, several studies suggest that Arabian horses have more colic episodes, while some other studies suggest that Thoroughbreds have more. Standardbreds and Warmbloods tend to have more inguinal hernias due to the increase size of it of their inguinal ring. Age Young and older horses appear to be less(prenominal) at risk of simple colic, so middle aged horses atomic number 18 most at risk. Weanlings and yearlings are most likely to suffer ileocaecal intussusceptions. dieting Diet has long been blamed for colic.Course vulcanized fiber with low digestibleness or spark murdericularly coarse fibre is observed to cause impaction colic. Grain overload significantly increases the risk of colic and laminitis. Feeds such as lush clover and lush pasture have been implicated in causing bloat. Information on feeding here When investigated by controlled studies, increase amounts of grain, and changes in the type of hay and grain fed during the yea r both increased the odds of colic compared to horses without grain or changes in feed. hotshot study also reported that daily feeding of concentrate from 2. to 5kg/ daytime and 5kg/day to adult horses increased the risk of colic by 4. 8 and 6. 3 times respectively, compared to horses fed no concentrate. Interestingly, controlled studies confirm that pellet feeds and gratifying feeds were associated with an increased risk of colic compared to no grain fed or single grain diets. Grain diets are also known to reducing the water content in the colon contents due to a decrease in fibre which binds to water in the colon. Grain diets are also known to travel through the stomach often more rapidly than fibrous diets.Grain in the diet increases gas production, and is much more likely to produce an environment needed for bloat and intestinal displacements. The horse stomach is relatively small, and is designed to take in small quantities of food often. Horses are herbivores, and naturall y spend a large part of the day grazing, continually taking in small quantities of food. When more intensive management, including work and training programs, stabling, and feeding 2-3 times daily, occurs, the normal feeding habits of horses are disrupted to varying degrees.Intensive stabling and work often guide high energy levels in feedstuffs to allow the horse to cope with increased work requirements. The higher energy levels are provided by high grain and concentrate components in the ration, often at the risk of reducing roughage and fibre levels to inadequate volumes. The horse digestive system is designed to apply roughage and fibre, and any deficiency of fibre will result in digestive disturbances, including colics. It is highly important to continue weak feeding habits of horses, maintaining regular feed volumes and feeding intervals.Do not work horses hard by and by a full feed. Never give large quantities of food to a horse not accustomed to it. Make feeding changes gradually. Do not allow an overheated horse to drink cold water until it has cooled off sufficiently, or the cold water will almost certainly incline the horse to colic. Water horses before feeding. Allow access to water over again immediately after feeding. Horses prefer clean, fresh water available at all times. A horse will drink anywhere from 22 to 68 litres of water daily, depending on weather conditions, diet and workload.Do not feed horses directly off the ground, in particular in sandy or fine gravel regions, as the uptake of sand will predispose horses to sand colics and impactions. Avoid sudden feed changes. These will rapidly belt along colic in most horses. Mouldy feeds, such as hay, are potentially deadly to horses, and regularly cause colic. Check hay thoroughly, especially any lush, moist hay which may have been baled while in like manner wet. Never feed mouldy hay to horses. Environment & Management living accommodations and confinement on farms in the Virgini a study were not risk factors for colic.It does until now seem logical that changes in diet or feeding practise are associated with risk of colic. Certainly large horse properties report that the chip of feeding grain after being brought in from pasture to stables increases the colic risk specifically for bloat and displacements. Altering this routine by belongings horses turned out after feeding grain decreases the rate of colic. Similarly, when hay is available to horses on lush pasture, the hay will be consumed as part of the diet and colic rate is decreased.Sand colic and impactions are seen where horses graze on pastures grown on sandy soils, or where horses are forced to eat off the ground with predominantly sand or fine gravel. Previous colic Horses with a history of colic are at higher risk for more colic episodes Parasites Internal parasites are link to increased colic risks in many studies. Gut obstructions due to ascarids in foals, tapeworm related colic and strongy le infections have all been reported as causing colics. Many reports confirm a decrease in colic after controlling small strongyle infections on properties with previously high colic incidences.Tapeworm infestations have been related to increased colic, specifically with colic associated with diseases of the ileum and caecum including increasing the rate of serious intussusception at the ileocaecal region. The general use of ivermectin over the last 20 years has seen a reducing in reports of colic associated with thrombosis of the cranial mesenteric artery due to Strongylus vulgaris larvae. gestation period Mares are reported to have a higher risk of colic by colon displacement during late pregnancy and lactation, particularly from 60 to 150 days after foaling.The actual reasons for this are not known, but calcium levels and alterations in diet including increases in energy due to the higher levels of concentrates in the diet to support lactation may be related to the increased ris k. Exercise Racehorses, event horses and endurance horses all have an increased risk of gastric ulceration which can be linked to some colic episodes. These horses are often on high grain/low roughage diets which tend to produce gut acidosis and predispose to colics. Transport and travelling Transport increases the risk of colic in several studies.Many vets commonly administer a laxative to horses prior to transport to prevent colic from impactions. These colics may be due to variations in feeding routine, fluid intake, dehydration, and so forth Weather Many veterinarians frequently associate weather changes with increased absolute frequency of colic, but many studies can find no confirmation of this. candidate and Strategies to prevent Colic In a second paper, Prognosis and Strategies to Prevent Colic, Nathaniel White discussed the survival issues with colic cases, stating that predicting survival in horses with colic is often challenging.Any horse which does not respond to ini tial therapy may be regarded as having a much more serious prognosis. In an effort to assist veterinary practitioners and owners, White attempted to apply previous knowledge of outcomes for specific diseases. Case fatality for specific colic diseases varies from a few deaths in cases of simple colic to as much as 75% in some forms of strangulated intestine. Simple obstructions of the large colon such as displacements and impactions have low fatality rates (