The CBD (the Central Business District)

The typical CBD is in the commercial and cultural exertion in a city. In many large cities, it is immediately recognizable by t every skyscrapers, the neon lights at night and the very superior density of constructs, traffic and people. The CBD is usually highly accessible. It is the focus of roads, with bus and line stations near by. The CBD usually has the highest density of bus services and taxis in the whole of the urban area. Although the residential population is sole(prenominal) very small, during the twenty-four hours and evening the CBD is crowded with people working, shop or seeking entertainment. master(prenominal) functions of the CBDShops The CBD is usually at the top of the shopping hierarchy in a city. It has the widest range of shops and the largest segment stores. Shops mainly sell comparison or high-order goods and they crawfish their customers from a wide sphere of influence. The highest land greets are in the oculus of the CBD. In the core of the CBD, there are large department stores and branches of many national chains of shops. Smaller shops, often privately owned, are located on the edges of the CBD in the fringe area called the frame. some shops, much(prenominal) as clothing, shoe and je headspringery shops tend to cluster together to educate advantage of competition, while others are more dispersed, such as newsagents and chemists.Offices Banks, building societies, solicitors, company headquarters, insurance companies and government obligations occupy high-rise office blocks or the upper floors above shops in the CBD.Culture & entertainment Parts of the CBD add alive at night as the theatres, cinemas, clubs, bars and restaurants attract customers. Certain separate of cities ware become famous for their nightlife, such as Londons West End.The CBD of a city is not static it is a dynamic area discharge through phases of growth and decline. You will see some areas in declination in a CBD of a large city, with closed sho ps and a sum appearance, and others that appear lively, smart and successful. The CBD also has problems with traffic congestion, parking and pollution, as well as those caused by lack of space and shortage of land. Local planners come implemented a variety of different schemes to attempt to solve the problems of the CBD.Problems and try solutions in the CBDTraffic congestion Lots of cars and shops, services and employment in the CBD create massive problems of congestion and parking in the city centres. roads are often narrow, with little pavement space. Some solutions include* hem in roads and by-passes to divert traffic not going into the city centre* Urban motorways and flyovers* Public transport schemes such as park and ride, the Newcastle metro, trams in Manchester* Multi-storey car parks* Pedestrianization of high streetsLack of space and the high cost of land Competition for land has led to high prices, and growing firms queue up it difficult to find space. In some CBDs t he smaller retailers have been force away from the city centre because of the high costs. Some solutions include* multistorey buildings to increase the floor area available* New retailing areas in out-of-town shopping centres in the suburbs or rural-urban fringe, in a physical process called decentralizationPollution Water, land, air and noise pollution are all common in city centres. Pollution is thought to contribute to the stresses of funding in urban areas and to some diseases, such as asthma and bronchitis. Some solutions include* Laws against litter and dumping sewage in rivers* Improved supplying of litter bins and road sweeping* Clean Air Acts that allow only the use of smokeless fuels* Clean-fuel technology and vehicles that run on methane gas or electricity* Banning heavy lorries from passing through city centres* change magnitude planting of trees and shrubsUrban decline Parts of some CBDs have declined. Shops and offices have closed down and the empty buildings and vandalized. City centres compete with out-of-town shopping centres to cater for the growing demands of shoppers. Some solutions include* Redevelopment of zones of decline in the CBD such as Kings Cross and Covent Garden in London* expanding upon of the CBD into areas of the inner city old factories and substandard terraced housing have been cleared, rehousing the occupants in the suburbs or New Towns and filling the space with new shopping and office developments