Modernism and Postmodernism in Architecture

Modernism and Post new-fashionedism in ArchitectureINTRODUCTIONCONTEXT OF MODERNISMModernism is a set of cultural or aesthetic styles which associates with the scientific and the artistic movement which started in the decade near the First World War and project dominated among several movement such as cubism, functionalism and surrealism. Sarup, M. (1993). barely in computer architecture, modernism reacts to the dedication of addressing new buildings after the two World Wars such as loudness housing of conventional forms and the potential for exploring new conditions of production such as new materials and technology. Le Corbusier and Mies forefront der Roche were the key influences of modern architecture they took several cultures and tradition to formulate the impulse of modern architecture. Curtis, W. J.R. (2001). Modernist have the liking that architecture should have a result as being functionalistic, positivistic, technocentric, and rationalistic with their building or urban planning. Harvey, D. (1990) scalawag 35. In the World War II, Modernism became popular especially in the United adduce where it took on a new life by using different technologies such as mark frame and glass curtain walls for constructing skyscrapers and suburban office parks and shopping centers which were cost-effective. Ghirardo, D. (1996).CONTEXT OF POSTMODERNISMPostmodernism is really obscure to describe beca use it has certain elements that relates to modernism. The term originated inwardly artists and critics in the United State in the 1960s and it was distri preciselyed in the European and other industrial nations in the 1970s. However postmodernististism is an unstable concept of movement within an surface capitalist culture that indicate the visual approaches in literary criticism of art, film, fashion and architecture within the political economic social conditions of the late 20th century. It withal involves the new relationship between domain and nature . Ghirardo, D. (1996).Postmodern flavor of approaches to architecture derived from modernism ideology of architecture, and it even influences some postmodern architects, this is because of their knowledge from education and also their modern methods of constructions but they also add their new concept to their buildings. Jencks, C. (1988). There are leash principles that Robert Sterns article portrays to describe the characteristics of postmodernism, the first characteristic is contextualism, this describes the individual building as always a disperse that represents its environment. The second is allusionism, which emphasise the building of its historical and cultural aspects, and the third is ornamentalism, and this suggests all the walls of the building to have an architectural meaning. (See the be given of Robert Stern) Bertens, H. (1995) scallywag 59. Postmodernism has also emerged the unmixed stage whereby it has influenced certain postmodern architects like Michael sc ulpture, James Stirling, Norman Neuerburg and even Philip Johnsons ATT building (see figure 1). Jenks emphasise that the Free-Style Classicism determines some characteristics of postmodern architecture which started precisely from the 1980s. (See the work of Charles Jencks) Bertens, H. (1995) page 64.CRITICS OF POSTMODERNISM ON MODERNIST NOTION OF ARCHITECTUREDavid Harvey argues about if postmodernism, for example, represent a radical break with modernism, or is it simply a revolt within modernism against a form of high modernism. Harvey, D. (1990) page 42. This means is to question the architecture of the postmodern movement, Harvey then explains by emphasising that postmodernism has widely identify a break with the modernist world that planning, tropeing and development should concentrate on the wide-scale, technologically rational and economically urban plan which should be strict on inclinations of design with a functionalist perception of an international style. Harvey, D. (1990).The roughly influential critic on postmodernism and modernism is Charles Jenks, he portrayed architecture from a linguistic point of view as emphasises in his book The Language of Post-Modern Architecture. Jenks argues that postmodernism architecture is not a break of modernism but however its onerous to overcome the ideology of its architecture not by dropping it but by extending the language to a different level into a vernacular and commercial but away from tradition. He listed all the obsolescent buildings as which had modern characteristics and named them as the ersatz, however he calls the new building as the social realism. Jencks, C. (1991) page 97. Furthermore he pinpoints the exact date for the death of modern architecture as he source at 332 pm, July 15, 1972 when the Pruitt-Igoe housing envision built in 1951 was demolished.Likewise Charles Jenks explores further the judgement of the modernist idea within postmodernism architecture, he argues that postmodern architecture is double coded, this suggest that postmodernism is an eclectic mixture of traditional codes with modern ones this shows that modernism is always one of the codes that forms postmodernism so postmodern architecture has take on from modernism but it must go beyond modern style. Therefore postmodernism is to break completely or drop modernist idea of architecture but has extended it into a different whimsicality. Jenks explores Mies van de Roche who is a modern architect, he argues that the use of steel I- beams for buildings are nasty and brutal and has no purpose for its users or developers so therefore postmodernism has evolve to find solution of improving the upon modernism. Bertens, H. (1995).The indication that modernism architecture is rational and grievous is because the restrictions and their influence on traditional forms and concepts which most postmodern architects see as pass, however when postmodern architect design they contravene to tradition also when they build their buildings they express it through a modern way by emphasising on a mixture of different styles. Likewise in the description of postmodern architecture Paolo Portoghesi who also criticise postmodernism argues that postmodern is any building that breaks modern constrains of historical styles with vernacular influences. Kolb, D. (1990) page 88.The restriction of modern architecture on historical influences is one of the main challenges of postmodernism. Jean-Francois Lyotard a postmodern critic explains that one characteristics of postmodernism is the transmute nature understanding in scientific and computerised society, this has gave them wage increase knowledge and technology to overcoming and the rational and austere notion of modernism. Sarup, M. (1993). In favour of this, Joseph Fredrick who defended against the International Styles and his own idea of construction explains that modernism in architecture has assorted characters but its attack was on its style, which inevitably postmodernism has taking over. It is the austereness of modernisms traditional forms which postmodern took the advantage of scientific knowledge to break the historical influences and give freedom for architects to design their building. Larson, M, S. (1993). The division between modern and postmodern is that modern is restricted whereby postmodern has its freedom to design. Furthermore modernist notion of architecture as rational and austere to traditional restriction has not been negated by postmodern but it has interpreted and integrated modernist ideology. However Jencks argue that postmodernism has not stimulate a break or dropped the idea of modernist architecture but it has evolve from modernism, and has throwaway the understanding of the development of its time so they change the direction and extended its characteristics to suit its era. Portoghesi, P. (1980). Therefore postmodernism is unremarkably known as the stylistic phenomenon. Ghirardo, D. (1996) page 8Charles Jenks argues that postmodern buildings in general have do a positive impact in architecture, since the nineteenth century technological construction has made a vast improvement on buildings and has been overly-accurate as with the hand-crafted variety, this and other factors have become the main cerebrate for its break from modernism. Likewise he argues that postmodernism has taking radically from the concept of how to knowledge building space where as modernist to see space as something to be shaped for social purposes, they interpret space as something independent, to be design according to creative aims but not to overreach its traditional influences. An example is Le Corbusiers eye mask buildings (see figure 3) which started modernist development of space, however postmodernism reacted to this by looking for solutions to define place instead of abstract spaces and to show the various ambiguity of spaces rather than the simple, predictable traditional building of modernist architecture. Jenks, C. (1990).Le Corbusiers domino housing projectThere are certain features of modernism which have been developed by postmodernist architects, the spatial ideas such as layered and shallow simple spaces of Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier. Postmodernist have developed these aspects into a more new kind of ambiguous space with various complex elements. Jenks, C. (1988).Charles Jencks points out that postmodern architecture have two reasons into significant technological change the first is the contemporary communications have scurvy the strong modernist interest of the rational and austere spaces based on function and of social interest. The second is the advance technologies for example computer modelling which has broken away from traditional restraints and permitted the flexibility of designing and constructing. Jenks, C. (1990).Postmodernism has not dropped modernist notion of architecture but it has taking certain elements of it such as space and even some traditional aspects of building and developed it into a more complex style. However it has set freedom from modernist conception that architecture should be austere and reasonable. The advances scientific technology has aided postmodernism to evolve from modernism. Jenks, C. (1988).Michael Graves as a postmodernism architect.Michael Graves was part of the late-modern movement before he left the abstract conception approach to the New York tail fin in 1977 this group consisted of Peter Eisenman, Richard Meier, Michael Graves, and Charles Gwathmey. They introduce an advance technique of designing with figural element, and this has influenced postmodern architects. Schulz, N. (1990) page 7-8. He then left to join other architects such as Venturi, Moore, and Stern who were involve with the simulacrum for postmodernism in America. Ghirardo, D. (1996).Graves has become one of most influential architects in postmodernism, his concept of fragments have become significant to postmodernist architects to design their building in a complex and ambiguous style which contradicts the notion of modernism. Graves has also adapted postmodern classicism in architecture such as the Portland edifice and the Humana Building (see figure 4 and 5). Grave has taking the traditional forms and styles of classicism and extended into a postmodern approach by introducing classical skyscrapers. Jenks, C. (1988).THE PORTLAND PUBLIC SERVICES BUILDINGThe Portland building (see figure 4) was a very significant municipal building within its era, which was begun in 1980 in Portland Oregon, this project provoked modernist architects because it was one of the most inspirational building in postmodernism. Powell, K. (1995). The public building is located in the middle of the area whereby it had to have a quality of postmodern landmark, but however his way out was to bring back figural forms to the building to portray the public nature of the context and urban and the internal program . He used the classical style of organisation by dividing the building into three parts which is the base, body and the top.BibliographyBauman, Z., 2004. Identity conversation with Benedetto Vecchi. capital of the United Kingdom Polity Press.KING, D. A., 2004. Spaces of Global Cultures Architecture Urbanism Identity. New York Routledge.POWELL, K., 1994. 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